Literature Review: Eksplorasi Senyawa Flavonoid Dari Tanaman Obat Tropis Sebagai Inhibitor Protease SARS-CoV-2 Melalui Studi Molecular Docking
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59841/an-najat.v3i4.3410Keywords:
Flavonoids, Main Protease, SARS-CoV-2, Molecular Docking, Tropical PlantsAbstract
Pandemi COVID-19 yang disebabkan oleh SARS-CoV-2 menimbulkan kebutuhan mendesak akan terapi baru yang efektif selain vaksin. Salah satu target potensial dalam pengembangan obat antivirus adalah enzim main protease (M^pro), yang berperan penting dalam replikasi virus. Flavonoid, senyawa polifenol alami yang banyak terdapat pada tanaman obat tropis, diketahui memiliki aktivitas biologis luas termasuk sebagai antivirus. Kajian literatur ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi potensi flavonoid dari tanaman obat tropis sebagai inhibitor Mpro SARS-CoV-2 melalui pendekatan molecular docking. Analisis dilakukan terhadap enam penelitian terkini (2020–2024) yang menggunakan metode virtual screening, molecular dynamics, dan prediksi ADMET. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa flavonoid seperti quercetin, rutin, naringin, hesperidin, dan kaempferol memiliki energi ikatan tinggi (−8,0 hingga −9,5 kcal/mol) serta berinteraksi kuat dengan residu katalitik HIS41, CYS145, dan GLU166. Beberapa senyawa juga menunjukkan stabilitas kompleks tinggi dan profil ADMET yang baik, menandakan potensi penghambatan yang efektif. Selain itu, sebagian flavonoid memiliki efek multi-target terhadap PLpro, Spike, dan RdRp, serta aktivitas antiinflamasi yang mendukung penurunan replikasi virus dan respon imun berlebihan. Namun, kendala seperti bioavailabilitas rendah masih menjadi tantangan, sehingga diperlukan inovasi formulasi dan uji lanjutan in vitro maupun in vivo. Secara keseluruhan, flavonoid dari tanaman obat tropis berpotensi kuat sebagai kandidat inhibitor alami terhadap SARS-CoV-2 yang menjanjikan untuk dikembangkan dalam terapi antivirus berbasis bahan alam.
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